Curriculum from Different Points of View

Traditional Points of View of curriculum - Curriculum is that it is body of subjects or subject matter prepared by the teachers for the students to learn. it was synonymous to the course study.and syllabus.
Robert m. Hutchins views curriculum as permanent studies where the rules of grammar, reading, rhetoric and logic and mathematics for basic education are emphasized.

Progressive Points of View of Curriculum - On the other hand, to the progressivist, a listing of school subjects, syllabi, course of study, and list of courses or specific discipline do not make a curriculum. This can only called a curriculum if the written materials are actualized by the learner. Broadly speaking , curriculum is defined as the total learning experiences of the individual.

Ways of Learning

1. Learning by trial and error - This type is related to the stimulus - response theory of learning.

2. Learning by Conditioning - The classical conditioning theory of Pavlov serves as the basis of this learning.

3. Learning by Insight - In this type of learning a higher level of intelligence is being utilized. Insights is looking into oneself with deeper thinking.

Benjamin Bloom and his associates classified three big Domains of Objectives

1. Cognitive Domain - (Bloom et al 1956)- domain of thought process.

a. Knowledge
b. Comprehension
c. Application
d. Analysis
e. Synthesis
f. Evaluation

2. Affective Domain - (Krathwohl, 1964) - domain of valuing attitude and appreciation.

a. Receiving
b. Responding
c. Valuing
d. Organization
e. Characterization by a value or value complex

3. Psycho motor Domain - (Simpson, 1972) - domain of the use of psycho motor attributes.

a. Perception
b. Set
c. Guided response
d. Mechanism

Types of Curriculum Operating in School

1. Recommended Curriculum - proposed by scholars and professional organizations.
2. Written Curriculum - appears in school, district,division or country documents.
3. Taught Curriculum - what teachers implement or deliver in the classroom or schools.
4. Supported Curriculum - resources - textbook, computers, audio-visual materials which support and help in the implementation of the curriculum.
5. Assessed curriculum - that which is tested and evaluated.
6. Learned Curriculum - what the students actually learn and what is measured.
7. Hidden Curriculum - the unintended curriculum.

Guiding Principle and Instruction of Curriculum

1. Central Importance of consciousness for developing the Full Potential of the individual and Society.
2. Integration of Intellectual Understanding with Direct Experience.
3. Progression of Study from unity to Diversity to Unity.
4. Maintaining the Wholeness of Knowledge in Every Part.

Some Thoeries of Curriculum Development

1. Learning is planned and guided ( we have to specify in advance what we are seeking to achieve and how we are to go about it.
2. Refers to schooling ( we Should recognize that our current appreciation of curriculum theory and practice emerged in the school and in relation to the other school ideas such as subject and lesson.)
3. Not a physical thing, but rather the interaction of teachers, students, and knowledge. Is what actually happens in the classroom and what people do to prepare and evaluate.
4. Practice should focus exclusively on individuals alone or the group alone, but pays careful attention to the way in which individuals and the group create understandings and practices, as well as meaning.

Governance Of Basic Education

SEC. 5 Principle of Shared Governance

a.) Shared governance is a principle which recognizes that every unit in the education bureaucracy has a particular role, task and responsibility inherent in the office and for which it is principally accountable for outcomes.

b.) The process of democratic consultations shall be observed in the decision-making process at the appropraite levels.

c.) The priciples of accountability and transparency shall be operationalized in the performance of function and responsibilities at all levels.

d.) The communication channels of field offices shall be strengtend to facilitate the flow of information and expand linkages with other government units and non-governmental organizations for effective governance.

SEC 6 Governance

The Department of Education, Culture and Sports shall henceforth be called the Department of Education. It shall be vested with authority, accountability and responsibility for ensuring access to promoting equity in and improving the quality of basic Education. Arts, Culture and Sports shall be as provided for in Sections 8 and 9 hereof.

Abnormal Psychology

Abnormal Bahavior- is one of the most difficult things to do.

Attempts at defining it ahve covered the following:

1. Deviation from statistical norms
2. Deviations from social norms
3. Ma;adaptieness of behavior
4. Personal distress

* Deviation fron Statistical norms- defines abnormal; behavior in terms of what is commonly obsereved in a given population.

* Deviation from Social norms - play apart as to what is abnormal. For example, an extremely intelligent person may behave in a peculiar way; but since intelligence is highly prized by our society, they are given more leeway.

* Maladaptieness of behavior- criterion in defining the abnormality of a certain behavior. A person who drinks heavily and disables himself/herself from engaging in productive activities and meaningful relationships may have obviously taken, drinking to a maladaptive extreme.

* Personal distress- this person may feel about his/her thoughs and actions. Many people diagnosed as mentally ill feel very mesirable. They may feel anxious or depressed with themselves.

Consciousness and its altered States

Conciousness- is considered as one of the most important concepts in all psychology.

William James the first American-born psychologist described consciousness as a stream, or everchanging flow of awareness.

Consciousness is devide into two broad areas:
1.) Waking conciousness
2.) Altered State of conciousness

*Waking conciousness - includes a mixture of sensations from the outside world, sensations from the body, memories of the past, thoughts, feelings, perceptions and images, and expectations about the future that occur when we are awake and reasonably alert.

(Coon, 1986; Morris, 1996)- implied in the definition is the complexity of the waking state.

* Altered state of Consciousness (ASC)- is a radical deviation from the overall pattern of functioning of the mind during the ordinary waking state of consciousness such that a new, overall pattern is superimposed on one's experience.

The Following are examples of altered states of conciousness or ways of inducing as ASC:

1. Sleep
2. Dream
3. Hypnosis
4. Meditation
5. Psychoactive drugs